Prenatal care associated with neonatal outcomes in maternity hospitals: a hospital-based cross-sectional study / Cuidados prenatales asociados a los resultados neonatales en maternidades: un estudio transversal hospitalario / Assistência pré-natal associada aos desfechos neonatais em maternidades: estudo transversal de base hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between prenatal care quality indicators and neonatal outcomes in maternity hospitals. Method: Hospital-based cross-sectional study in four high-risk referral maternity hospitals in the five health macro-regions enabled by the Stork Network in Ceará-Brazil. Between April 2017 and July 2018, 440 puerperal women were interviewed using simple probabilistic sampling and a formula with finite populations and stratification of each maternity hospital. The analysis involved Pearson's Chi-Square, Adjusted Residuals Analysis and Fisher's Exact. Results: There was an association between fewer consultations with prematurity and low birth weight. Delivery in the maternity hospital where the woman lived was associated with low birth weight and the need for ventilatory support. Conclusion: Prenatal care quality indicators influenced neonatal outcomes, which underlines the importance of ensuring access and quality of care as ways of reducing infant morbidity and mortality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre los indicadores de calidad de la atención prenatal y los resultados neonatales en las maternidades. Método: Estudio transversal de base hospitalaria en cuatro maternidades de referencia de alto riesgo en las cinco macrorregiones sanitarias autorizadas por la Red Cigüeña en Ceará-Brasil. Entre abril de 2017 y julio de 2018, se entrevistaron 440 puérperas mediante muestreo probabilístico simple y fórmula con poblaciones finitas y estratificación de cada maternidad. El análisis involucró Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson, Análisis de Residuos Ajustados y Exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Hubo asociación entre menor número de consultas con prematuridad y bajo peso al nacer. El parto en el hospital de maternidad donde vivía la mujer se asoció con el bajo peso al nacer y la necesidad de asistencia ventilatoria. Conclusión: Los indicadores de calidad de la atención prenatal influyeron en los resultados neonatales, lo que subraya la importancia de garantizar el acceso y la calidad de la atención como formas de reducir la morbimortalidad infantil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre os indicadores da qualidade do pré-natal e os desfechos neonatais em maternidades. Método: Estudo transversal de base hospitalar, em quatro maternidades referências para alto risco nas cinco macrorregiões de saúde habilitadas na Rede Cegonha no Ceará-Brasil. Realizou-se entre abril de 2017 e julho de 2018, entrevista com 440 puérperas, por amostragem probabilística simples e fórmula com populações finitas e estratificação de cada maternidade. A análise envolveu o Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, Análise de Resíduos Ajustados e Exato de Fisher. Resultados: Nota-se associação entre menor número de consultas com prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer. Parto na maternidade de residência da mulher esteve associada com baixo peso ao nascer e necessidade de suporte ventilatório. Conclusão: Indicadores de qualidade do pré-natal influenciaram os desfechos neonatais, o que afirma a importância da garantia de acesso e qualidade da assistência como formas de reduzir a morbimortalidade infantil.

Adequacy of prenatal care and associated factors in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the degree of adequacy of prenatal care (PNC) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and in its 7 macro-regions considering the time of PNC initiation and the number of appointments attended. It also aims to verify the mode of delivery prevalence and the factors associated with PNC adequacy by mode of delivery. METHODS Sub analysis from a cross-sectional study conducted among 13,432 childbearing women aged 15-49 years assisted in 66 maternity hospitals of the Unified Health System (SUS) and private associated facilities from September 2017 to October 2019. A standardized form was used to collect sociodemographic data, and information about PNC and delivery from the childbearing women's prenatal cards, hospital records, and medical reports. RESULTS The PNC coverage was (98.4%), but only 57.5% of the participants had an adequate PNC defined as the one initiated until the 12th gestational week, with attendance of at least 6 appointments. The cesarean rate was 57.2%. Among women who performed vaginal delivery, multivariate analysis showed that for each 1-year increase in the age of the parturient, the chance of having an adequate PNC increased by 5%. White parturients with higher education and fewer deliveries residing in the macro-region of Valleys were more likely to have an adequate PNC when compared with non-white parturients, who were illiterate and/or had incomplete elementary school, with 3 or more deliveries and who resided in other macro-regions. During pregnancy, 96.0% of the women performed at least one anti-HIV test, 55.8% a rapid test for syphilis, and 75.0% a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL). CONCLUSIONS Despite the almost universal PNC coverage in RS, the PNC offered by the SUS was adequate for just half of the population, therefore public health policies targeted at women receiving care in this setting shall be revisited.

Desrespeito e abuso durante o parto e depressão pós-parto: uma revisão de escopo / Falta de respeto y abuso durante el parto y la depresión posparto: una revisión de alcance / Disrespect and abuse during childbirth and postpartum depression: a scoping review

O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear na literatura científica a relação entre desrespeito e abuso no parto e a ocorrência da depressão pós-parto. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo elaborada de acordo com as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO e Web of Science e no Portal de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES. Foram incluídos estudos que investigaram a relação entre desrespeito e abuso no parto e depressão pós-parto. Foram considerados como depressão os casos diagnosticados pelo médico e os autorrelatos por meio de escalas validadas, sem restrições quanto ao ano de publicação e ao idioma. Identificaram-se 3.399 publicações e, após remoção de duplicatas, leitura de título, resumo e textos completos, houve seleção de sete artigos para integrar esta revisão. Os estudos foram publicados a partir de 2017 e somente em quatro países. As mulheres que tiveram experiências de desrespeito e abuso no parto foram mais propensas a apresentar sintomas de depressão pós-parto. Faz-se necessária uma terminologia padrão para a assistência desrespeitosa e abusiva no parto, bem como a elaboração de instrumento para mensuração que seja aceito universalmente.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar en la literatura científica la relación entre la falta de respeto y el abuso durante el parto y la ocurrencia de depresión posparto. Esta es una revisión de alcance realizada según las recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO y Web of Science y en el Portal de Disertaciones y Tesis de la CAPES. Se incluyeron estudios que investigaron la relación entre la falta de respeto y el abuso durante el parto y la depresión posparto, y se consideró como depresión los casos diagnosticados por el médico y autorreportados mediante escalas validadas, sin restricción de año de publicación o idioma. Se identificaron 3.399 publicaciones y, después de eliminar los duplicados y analizar el título, el resumen y los textos completos, se seleccionaron siete artículos para componer esta revisión. Los estudios se publicaron a partir de 2017, solamente en cuatro países. Las mujeres que tuvieron experiencias de falta de respeto y abuso durante el parto tenían más probabilidades de presentar síntomas de depresión posparto. Se necesita una terminología estándar para la atención del parto irrespetuosa y abusiva, así como el desarrollo de un instrumento de medición que sea universalmente aceptado.

This study aims to map, within the scientific literature, the relationship between disrespect and abuse during childbirth and the occurrence of postpartum depression. This is a scoping review designed in accordance with the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search was performed in Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and in the CAPES Portal of Theses and Dissertations. We included studies that investigated the relationship between disrespect and abuse during childbirth with postpartum depression, considering cases diagnosed by physicians and by self-reports via validated scales, without restrictions regarding the year of publication and language. A total of 3,399 publications were identified and, after removing the duplicates and reading the title, abstracts, and the full-texts, seven articles were selected to integrate this review. Studies were published from 2017 onward, in four countries. Women who had experienced disrespect and abuse during childbirth were more likely to experience symptoms of postpartum depression. A standard terminology is necessary for disrespectful and abusive care during childbirth, as well as the elaboration of a measurement instrument that is universally accepted.

Knowledge of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) Workers Regarding Maternal Health Services: A Comparative Study between Rural and Urban Areas of a Block of Haryana

Introduction: All people, everywhere, deserve the right care, right in their community. In any community, maternal mortality ratio strongly reflects the overall effectiveness of health systems. To increase utilization of existing health services, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) is the key component of the National Rural Health Mission. o assess compare the level of knowledgeO : bjective T any of ASHA workers regarding maternal health services in between rural and urban areas of a block of Haryana. Method: The present cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted in block Barwala, district Hisar of Haryana. The assessment of knowledge of ASHA workers was done on the basis of scoring. Appropriate statistical tests like percentages and chi-square (?2) test were applied. RegardingResult :s maternal health services majority of ASHA workers had good knowledge, assessed by score gained by them and none of them was having poor knowledge about maternal health services. However in rural area score, gained was better than urban area & the observed difference was found to be statistically significant. Knowledge of identification & treatment of anaemia and identification of danger signs during pregnancy were inadequate among ASHA workers of both areas. Knowledge of ASHA workers wasConclusion: inadequate as far as anaemia and danger signs during pregnancy were concerned. Frequent and regular refresher training should be organized in their working area.

Determinantes sociales de la salud relacionados con la morbilidad materna extrema departamento de Sucre 2018-2019

Objetivo: Describir los determinantes sociales de la salud relacionados con la aparición de morbilidad materna extrema en gestantes de una institución de salud del departamento de Sucre durante 2018 - 2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio mixto con fuentes secundarias (Sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica), observación directa en los sitios de residencia y la aplicación de una entrevista semiestructurada al grupo de sobrevivientes. Resultados: La incidencia del evento fue de 1.4 % de gestantes atendidas. El promedio de edad fue de 24 años, pertenece a una etnia el 37.5 %, proceden de área rural el 69.7 %, con niveles educativos bajos (38 %), conviviendo en unión libre (68.7 %), primigestantes (56.2 %), ingreso tardío a los controles prenatales (68.7 %), promedio de asistencias de 3.5 controles. Los determinantes que guardan relación estadística para la aparición del evento fueron: nivel educativo, la pertenencia étnica, tenencia de compañero sentimental y número de controles a los que asiste. La calidad de los servicios de salud, la pobreza, inaccesibilidad geográfica y barreras administrativas de las aseguradoras fueron las más destacadas para las gestantes. Conclusión: El evento se presenta principalmente en gestantes jóvenes, con bajo nivel educativo y de zonas rurales, los determinantes que se asociaron fueron: la etnia, el número de controles prenatales a los que asiste, el nivel educativo y el estado conyugal; para las gestantes con Morbilidad materna los bajos ingresos económicos, la inaccesibilidad a los servicios de salud y la mala calidad en la prestación de estos fueron los más importantes.

Objective: To describe the social determinants of health related to the appearance of extreme maternal morbidity in pregnant women from a health institution in the department of Sucre, for the 2018 - 2019 period. Materials and methods: Mixed study with secondary sources (Epidemiological surveillance system), direct observation at the places of residence, and the application of a semi-structured interview to the group of survivors. Results: The incidence of the event was 1.4% of pregnant women attending. The average age was 24 years old, 37.5% belong to an ethnic group, 69.7% from rural areas, with low educational levels (38%), living together in a free union (68.7%), first pregnancy (56.2%), late admission to prenatal controls (68.7%), average attendance of 3.5 controls. The determinants that are statistically related to the occurrence of the event were: educational level, ethnicity, possession of a romantic partner, and number of controls attended. The quality of health services, poverty, geographic inaccessibility, and administrative barriers of insurance companies were the most prominent for pregnant women. Conclusion: The event occurs mainly in young pregnant women, with a low educational level, and in rural areas. The determinants that were associated were: ethnicity, the number of prenatal check-ups attended, educational level, and marital status; for pregnant women with maternal morbidity, low income, inaccessibility to health services, and the presence of previous illnesses were the most important.

Women autonomy and demand for maternal health services in Nigeria: Evidence from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey

mproving women autonomy can be vital in determining the uptake of healthcare services, especially in a patriarchal society with gender rights concerns. Using the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and employing Zero Inflated Negative Binomial regression, the effect of household decision-making power with considerations to women autonomy on the demand for maternal health services in Nigeria was examined. The result of the analysis suggests that women autonomy in deciding expenditures on household healthcare services, and autonomy in deciding their income expenditures significantly increases the likelihood of demand for maternal healthcare services. On the other hand, when the husband/partner makes sole decision, as well as joint decision making concerning expenditure on household healthcare services and expenditure of woman's income reduces the likelihood of demand for maternal healthcare services in the country. This reduction was however much more when husband alone takes the decision than when decisions were taken jointly. Other socioeconomic variables like higher maternal education, and household wealth, also increased the demand for maternal healthcare services. We recommend that government should put in place policies that will help increase women's participation in household decision-making through the sensitization and capacity building initiatives such as improved educational quality for women. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[4]: 65-74).

Tendencia y causas de la mortalidad materna en Chile de 1990 a 2018

Background: Previous studies have shown a decrease in the maternal mortality (MM) rates in Chile, with a trend towards stability since 2001. However, some of its associated causes such as high blood pressure, obesity, or maternal age, have increased in the last years. Aim: To describe the trend and characteristics of MM in Chile between 1990 and 2018. Material and Methods: MM rates were calculated using death records available at the website of the Department of Health Statistics of the Ministry of Health, using the codes 630 to 679 of the International Classification Diseases (ICD)-9 (630-679) and O00-O99 from ICD-10. Live births were obtained from vital statistics of the National Statistics Institute (INE). The age at the time of death and the causes were recorded. Polynomial and Prais-Winsten modelings were applied. Results: There were 1,728 maternal deaths with an overall rate for the period of 23 / 100,000 live births. An inflection of the trend was observed in 2003, with a decrease between 1990-2003 and an increase between 2004-2018. While in the 1990-2003 period all age groups decreased their rate, in 2004-2018 it increased significantly in the 20-34 age group. Concerning the causes, "other obstetric conditions not classified elsewhere" showed a steady upward trend, particularly the late maternal deaths or deaths from sequelae of obstetric causes (O96-O97). Conclusions: MM rates increased in Chile in recent years, mainly due to the increase in women aged 20 to 34 years and in causes referred to as "other obstetric conditions not classified elsewhere." It is possible that changes in risk factors and in the registries could explain this increase.

Prevalence and Determinants of Adequate Compliance with Antenatal Care in Peru / Prevalência e determinantes da conformidade adequada à atenção pré-natal no Peru

Abstract Objective To determine the adequacy of compliance with antenatal care (ANC) by pregnant women in Peru and to identify the associated factors. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study of data from the 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar, ENDES, in Spanish) was conducted. The dependent variable was adequate compliance with ANC (provided by skilled health care professionals; first ANC visit during the first trimester of pregnancy; six or more ANC visits during pregnancy; ANC visits with appropriate content) by women aged 15 to 49 years in their last delivery within the five years prior to the survey. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a log-binomial regression model. Results A total of 18,386 women were analyzed, 35.0% of whom adequately complied with ANC. The lowest proportion of compliance was found with the content of ANC (42.6%). Sociodemographic factors and those related to pregnancy, such as being in the age groups of 20 to 34 years and 35 to 49 years, havingsecondaryor higher education, belonging to a wealth quintile of the population other than the poorest, being from the Amazon region, not being of native ethnicity, having a second or third pregnancy, and having a desired pregnancy, increased the probability of presenting adequate compliance with ANC. Conclusion Only 3 out of 10women in Peru showed adequate compliancewith ANC. Compliance with the content of ANC must be improved, and strategies must be developed to increase the proportion of adequate compliance with ANC.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a adequação do cumprimento dos cuidados pré-natais (CPN) por mulheres grávidas no Peru e identificar os fatores associados. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo analítico transversal dos dados da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Família Peruana de 2019 (Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar, ENDES, em espanhol). A variável dependente foi conformidade adequada coma CPN (fornecida por profissionais de saúde qualificados; primeira visita CPN durante o primeiro trimestre de gravidez; seis ou mais visitas CPN durante a gravidez; visitas CPN com conteúdo apropriado) por mulheres de 15 a 49 anos em seu último parto nos cinco anos anteriores à pesquisa. Os índices de prevalência bruta e ajustada e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculados usando um modelo de regressão log-binomial. Resultados Foi analisado um total de 18.386 mulheres, das quais 35,0% cumpriram adequadamente o CPN. A menor proporção de conformidade foi encontrada com o conteúdo de ANC (42,6%). Fatores sociodemográficos e aqueles relacionados à gravidez, como estar na faixa etária de 20 a 34 anos e 35 a 49 anos, ter educação secundária ou superior, pertencer a um quintil de riqueza da população que não a mais pobre, ser da região da selva, não ser de etnia nativa, ter um segundo ou terceiro gravidez, e tendo uma gravidez desejada, aumentou a probabilidade de apresentar conformidade adequada com CPN. Conclusão Apenas 3 em cada 10 mulheres no Peru mostraram conformidade adequada com o CPN. O cumprimento do conteúdo do CPN deve ser melhorado, e estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas para aumentar a proporção de cumprimento adequado com o CPN.

Acessibilidade no parto e nascimento a pessoas com deficiência motora, visual ou auditiva: estrutura de estabelecimentos do SUS vinculados à Rede Cegonha / Accessibility to people with motor, visual, or hearing disabilities during delivery and childbirth: the structure of SUS facilities linked to Rede Cegonha

Resumo Não há estudos, de abrangência nacional, caracterizando a acessibilidade para pessoas com deficiência no momento do parto. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a estrutura física de estabelecimentos hospitalares quanto à acessibilidade para gestantes e puérperas com deficiência motora (DM), visual (DV) ou auditiva (DA) no Brasil. Estudo ecológico, descritivo, realizado em todos os 606 estabelecimentos vinculados à Rede Cegonha (RC), que realizaram partos em 2015. Foram feitas análises descritivas e de distribuição espacial. Considerou-se acessibilidade motora quando o estabelecimento tivesse rampa com corrimão ou elevador, portas com dimensões para cadeira de rodas e banheiro acessível com barras; acessibilidade visual quando houvesse sinalização tátil (sistema Braille ou figuras em relevo); e acessibilidade auditiva quando houvesse sinalização por textos, figuras, placas, cartazes ou símbolos nos ambientes. No Brasil, apenas 26 (4,3%) estabelecimentos tinham acessibilidade para pessoas com DM, 20 (3,3%) para pessoas com DA e nenhum para pessoas com DV. A acessibilidade motora foi pior no Norte e Nordeste e a auditiva, no Norte. Apesar dos avanços decorrentes da implantação da RC no Brasil, a estrutura dos estabelecimentos hospitalares não está adaptada para pessoas com DM, DV ou DA.

Abstract There are no nationwide studies characterizing accessibility for people with disabilities during delivery. This study aimed to describe the physical structure of hospital units regarding accessibility for pregnant and puerperae with motor (MD), visual (VD), or hearing (HD) disabilities in Brazil. This is an ecological, descriptive study conducted in all 606 health facilities linked to the "Rede Cegonha" where deliveries occurred, according to 2015 databases. We performed the descriptive and geospatial analysis and considered the presence of motor accessibility when the establishment had a handrail or elevator ramp, wheelchair-sized doors, and accessible bathroom with bars. We assumed visual accessibility when there was tactile signage on the floor (Braille system or embossed figures) and hearing accessibility when there was signage by texts, pictures, signs, posters, or symbols in the environments. In Brazil, only 26 (4.3%) of the facilities had accessibility for people with MD, 20 (3.3%) for people with VD, and none for HD. Motor accessibility was worse in the North and Northeast of Brazil, and hearing accessibility in the North region. Despite advances in the implementation of the "Rede Cegonha" in Brazil, the facilities' structure is not adapted for women with MD, VD, or HD.

Effects of breast massage at different time periods on lactation yield and breastfeeding success rate / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of breast massage at different time periods on lactation yield and breast feeding success rate.Methods:240 pregnant women who gave birth at scheduled time in The First People's Hospital of Wenling from January 2018 to May 2019 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into control group, observation group 1 and observation group 2 ( n = 80/group). The control group was only given routine nursing after delivery without breast massage. The observation group 1 received breast massage at 2 hours postpartum based on routine nursing. The observation group 2 received breast massage at 24 hours postpartum based on routine nursing. Breast comfort rate, the time to lactation, lactation yield at 1 and 3 days after intervention were compared between groups. The number of daily vomiting, crying and fecal empties at 4 days postpartum were compared between groups. The success rate of breastfeeding and the increases in neonatal body mass and height at 42 days postpartum were determined in each group. Results:Breast comfort rate in the control group, observation group 1 and observation group 2 was 71.25% (57/80), 93.75% (75/80) and 83.75% (67/80), respectively. There was significant difference in breast comfort rate among the three groups ( χ2 = 26.466, P < 0.05). The incidence of postpartum breast problem in the control group, observation group 1 and observation group 2 was 27.50% (22/80), 5.00% (4/80) and 15.00% (12/80), respectively. There was significant difference in the incidence of postpartum breast problem among the three groups ( χ2 = 10.478, P < 0.05). The time to lactation in the control group, observation group 1 and observation group 2 was (33.54 ± 7.28) hours, (5.56 ± 2.01) hours and (22.32 ± 4.23) hours, respectively ( F = 27.897, P < 0.05). There was significant difference in the time to lactation between groups ( F = 27.897, P < 0.05). The lactation yield in the observation group 1 and observation group 2 was significantly greater than that in the control group ( F = 6.208, 10.458, both P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the number of daily vomiting, crying and fecal empties at 4 days postpartum among the three groups ( F = 71.54, 9.26 and 10.45, all P < 0.05). The success rate of breastfeeding in the observation group 1 was 93.75% (75/80), which was significantly higher than 85.00% (68/80) in the observation group 2 and 75.00% (60/80) in the control group ( χ2 = 7.841, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the increases in body weight and height of newborns among the three groups at 42 days postpartum ( F = 10.645, 5.789, both P < 0.05). Conclusion:Breast massage at 2 hours postpartum can greatly increase the comfort rate of maternal breast, effectively reduce the incidence of postpartum breast problem, shorten the time to lactation, increase the amount of postpartum lactation yield, and the success rate of breastfeeding.

Adequacy of prenatal care considering nutritional assistance in Southern Brazil: Maternar Cohort Study / Adequação de cuidados pré-natais e assistência nutricional no Sul do Brasil: o Estudo de Coorte Maternar / Adecuación del cuidado prenatal considerando la asistencia nutricional en el sur de Brasil: Estudio de Cohorte Maternar

Abstract: We verified the prevalence of adequacy in prenatal care considering nutritional assistance and associated factors. It is a cross-sectional study, part of Maternar Cohort Study, conducted between 2018-2019 in Southern Brazil. Women were interviewed during hospitalization in the immediate postpartum period and data were collected from the prenatal chart. Prenatal adequacy and nutritional care were assessed according to criteria from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Two outcome models were constructed. Outcome 1 consisted of minimal coverage (early prenatal start and minimum number of visits) and exams, and Outcome 2 comprised minimal coverage, exams, and nutritional assistance. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios. A total of 802 women were analyzed, and we identified 57% of adequacy of Outcome 1. Unplanned pregnancy (PR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.68-0.86), parity (PR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.83-0.94) and prenatal care outside Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State (PR = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.69-0.92), were associated with lower prenatal adequacy frequencies. Outcome 2 was considered adequate for 10.2% of women. Follow-up by different professionals during prenatal care was associated with lower adequacy (PR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.28-0.86). Women with high-risk pregnancies had a higher frequency of adequacy in Outcome 1 (PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.07-1.37) and in Outcome 2 (PR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.16-2.64). General adequacy was considered low in both outcomes. There was a lack of nutritional assistance during prenatal care. Characteristics such as pregnancy planning, lower parity, prenatal care in Porto Alegre, follow-up by the same professional and high-risk pregnancy were predictors for the adequacy of prenatal care.

Resumo: Verificamos a prevalência de adequação da atenção pré-natal considerando a assistência nutricional e identificamos os fatores associados. O estudo transversal, parte do Estudo de Coorte Maternar, foi realizado em 2018 e 2019 no Sul do Brasil. As mulheres foram entrevistadas durante a internação no pós-parto imediato, e os dados foram coletados do cartão de pré-natal. A adequação do pré-natal e da assistência nutricional foram avaliadas de acordo com os critérios do Ministério da Saúde. Dois modelos de desfechos foram construídos. O Desfecho 1 consistia em cobertura mínima (início precoce do pré-natal e número mínimo de consultas) e exames, e o Desfecho 2, com cobertura mínima e exames, acrescidos de assistência nutricional. Foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência. Foram analisadas 802 mulheres, e identificamos 57% de adequação do Desfecho 1. A gravidez não planejada (RP = 0,76; IC95% 0,68-0,86), paridade (RP = 0,88; IC95%: 0,83-0,94) e pré-natal fora da capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RP = 0,80; IC95%: 0,69-0,92) estiveram associados a menores frequências de pré-natal adequado. O Desfecho 2 foi considerado adequado em 10,2% das mulheres. O acompanhamento por diferentes profissionais durante o pré-natal esteve associado a menor adequação (RP = 0,49; IC95%: 0,28-0,86). As mulheres com gravidez de alto risco tiveram maior frequência de adequação no Desfecho 1 (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,07-1,37) e no Desfecho 2 (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,16-2,64). A adequação geral foi considerada baixa para ambos os desfechos. Havia falta de assistência nutricional durante o atendimento pré-natal. Os preditores de adequação do pré-natal incluíam planejamento da gravidez, paridade menor, pré-natal na capital, acompanhamento pelo mesmo profissional e gestação de alto risco.

Resumen: Verificamos la prevalencia de la adecuación del cuidado prenatal, considerando factores relacionados con la asistencia nutricional, así como sus factores asociados. Se trata de un estudio trasversal, que parte del Estudio de Cohorte Maternar, realizada entre 2018-2019 en el sur de Brasil. Las mujeres fueron entrevistadas durante su hospitalización en un período inmediato al postparto y los datos se recogieron de la cartilla prenatal. La adecuación prenatal y nutricional fue evaluada según los criterios del Ministerio de Salud. Se construyeron dos modelos de resultados. El Resultado 1 consistió en una mínima cobertura (inicio temprano prenatal y mínimo número de visitas) y exámenes, y el Resultado 2 tuvo una mínima cobertura, exámenes y asistencia nutricional. La regresión de Poisson se usó para estimar las ratios de prevalencia. Se analizaron a 802 mujeres, e identificamos un 57% de adecuación al Resultado 1. Embarazo no planeado (RP = 0,76; IC95%: 0,68-0,86), paridad (RP = 0,88; IC95%: 0,83-0,94) y cuidado prenatal fuera de la capital del estado de Rio Grande do Sul (RP = 0,80; IC95%: 0,69-0,92) estuvieron asociados con frecuencias de educación más bajas durante el período prenatal. El Resultado 2 fue considerado adecuado para un 10,2% de las mujeres. El seguimiento realizado por parte de diferentes profesionales durante el cuidado prenatal estuvo asociado con una adecuación más baja (RP = 0,49; IC95%: 0,28-0,86). Las mujeres con embarazos de alto riesgo tuvieron una frecuencia más alta de adecuación en el Resultado 1 (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,07-1,37) y en el Resultado 2 (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,16-2,64). La adecuación general fue considerada baja en ambos resultados. Hubo una falta de asistencia nutricional durante el cuidado prenatal. Características tales como: planificación de los embarazos, paridad más baja, cuidado prenatal en la capital, seguimiento por el mismo profesional y embarazo de alto riesgo fueron predictores para la idoneidad del cuidado prenatal.

Worldwide original research production on maternal near-miss: A 10-year bibliometric study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the global productivity regarding original articles on maternal near-miss (MNM). Methods We conducted a bibliometric analysis of original articles published from 2008 to November 2019 in the journals indexed in the Scopus database. The averages of the number of articles by author, of the number of authors by article, of the number of citations by article, and the total number of documents with one or more authors were obtained. An analysis of the co-citation of authors and a co-occurrence analysis of the terms included in the titles and abstracts were performed and were presented as network visualization maps. Results A total of 326 original articles were analyzed. There was an increase in the number of articles (p < 0.001; average annual growth rate = 12.54%;). A total of 1,399 authors, an average number of articles per author of 4.29, with an index of authors per document of 0.23, and an index of co-authors per document of 8.16 were identified. A total of 85 countries contributed with original articles on MNM. Among the top ten countries regarding the contribution of articles, five were low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Brazil had the highest volume of production (31.1%;), followed by the US (11.5%;). Terms related to countries and the measurement of the rates and cases of MNM and the associated factors were found in recent years in the analysis of the co-occurrence of terms. Conclusion There was an increase in the production of original articles on MNM, with a significant participation of authors and institutions from LMICs, which reveals a growing interest in the use of MNM indicators to improve the quality of maternal health care.

Acceso de mujeres en embarazo, parto y post parto a servicios de salud según clase social / Access of women in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum to health services according to social class

Resumen Objetivo: comprender el acceso que tienen las mujeres en situación de embarazo, parto y post parto a los servicios de salud según la clase social en Bogotá (Colombia). Métodos: estudio cualitativo. Perspectiva hermenéutica crítica. Método etnografía crítica. Muestreo teórico. Análisis por triangulación en Atlas Ti. Participaron 9 mujeres y 8 profesionales de la salud. Se realizaron 38 entrevistas a profundidad durante 13 meses y 62 acompañamientos a las maternas en las actividades de control prenatal, vacunación, trabajo de parto, consulta post parto, exámenes de seguimiento, curso Psicoprofiláctico, hospitalización y sala de espera, tanto en servicios públicos como privados. Resultados: existen desigualdades según la clase social en el acceso que tienen las mujeres a los servicios de salud en los siguientes aspectos: acceso a servicio a especialistas, hacer la fila para esperar la atención, la disponibilidad de citas y agenda para programar la cita, perder la cita habiendo llegado al servicio, la prioridad que le dan las instituciones a las maternas, madrugar para conseguir atención, pedir la cita, las condiciones de la espera y elegir la clínica o el personal. Conclusiones: los anteriores aspectos se intensifican en clases sociales con menos ventajas. Se requiere disminuir las desigualdades sociales para disminuir las inequidades en salud.

Abstract Objective: to understand the access that women in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum have to health services according to social class in Bogotá (Colombia). Methods: qualitative study. Critical hermeneutical perspective. Critical ethnography method. Theoretical sampling. Analysis by triangulation in Atlas Ti. 9 women and 8 health professionals participated. 38 in-depth interviews were carried out during 13 months and 62 accompaniments to the maternal in the activities of prenatal control, vaccination, labor, postpartum consultation, follow-up examinations, Psychoprophylactic course, hospitalization and waiting room, both in public services as private. Results: there are inequalities according to social class in the access that women have to health services in the following aspects: access to specialist services, queuing to wait for care, availability of appointments and schedule to schedule the appointment, Missing the appointment having arrived at the service, the priority that institutions give to maternal mothers, getting up early to get care, requesting an appointment, waiting conditions and choosing the clinic or staff. Conclusions: the previous aspects are intensified in social classes with less advantages. Reducing social inequalities is required to decrease health inequities.

Demanda de atención obstétrica y densidad de recursos en salud para mujeres mexicanas en edad fértil / Demand for obstetric care and density of health resources for childbearing age Mexican women

Resumen Introducción: México registra aumento de las cesáreas e inequidad y desigualdad en la distribución de recursos para la atención obstétrica. Objetivo: Identificar las entidades y municipios en México que concentran la demanda de atención obstétrica y tasas de cesáreas y su relación con los recursos en salud y mujeres en edad fértil (MEF). Método: Se registraron los nacimientos del periodo 2008-2017, agrupados en cinco estratos municipales, y los recursos en salud y MEF de 2017. Resultados: La tasa nacional de cesáreas 2008-2017 fue de 45.3/100 nacimientos; 95 y 97 % de los nacimientos y cesáreas se concentraron en el estrato “muy alto” (470 municipios), en el cual se utilizó 80 % o más de los recursos en salud y destacó la sobreutilización. La densidad de recursos en salud destinados a las MEF reflejó inequidad y desigualdad. Conclusiones: La alta concentración de la demanda obstétrica y oferta de los recursos en salud pudiera conllevar mayor recurrencia a la cesárea. En las políticas de reducción de cesáreas es necesario considerar la organización y administración adecuadas de los recursos en salud.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, there is an increase in the number of C-sections, as well as inequity and inequality in the distribution of resources for obstetric care. Objective: To identify the states and municipalities in Mexico that concentrate the demand for obstetric care and the C-section rates and their relationship with health resources and women of childbearing age (WCBA). Method: Births of the 2008-2017 period were recorded, grouped into five municipal strata, as well as 2017 health resources and WCBA. Results: The 2008-2017 national rate of C-sections was 45.3/100 births; 95 and 97 % of births and C-sections were concentrated in the “very high” stratum, where 80 % or more of health resources were used, with overuse standing out. The density of health resources assigned to WCBAs reflected inequity and inequality Conclusions: The high concentration of obstetric demand and health resources supply could entail a higher recurrence of C-sections. Policies for C-section reduction should consider proper organization and administration of health resources.

Gastos com a assistência ao parto: comparação entre as coortes de nascimento de Pelotas dos anos de 2004 e 2015, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Expenditures on childbirth care: a comparison of the 2004 and 2015 birth cohorts in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Gastos con la asistencia al parto: comparación entre las cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) desde el año 2004 y 2015

Resumo: Apesar de a maioria dos partos no Brasil ser financiada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), existem gastos diretos (pessoais privados) envolvidos no nascimento. Este estudo visa a comparar o desembolso materno para financiar os partos das crianças pertencentes às coortes de nascimento de Pelotas de 2004 e 2015. Foram utilizadas informações coletadas logo após o nascimento e aos três meses de idade. As variáveis analisadas incluem informações sociodemográficas, econômicas, cobertura por plano privado de saúde e despesas relacionadas ao parto. Os valores de 2004 foram ajustados pelo Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). Observou-se aumento na posse de planos de saúde de 33,4% (IC95%: 31,9-34,9) para 45,1% (IC95%: 43,6-46,7) no período analisado e este esteve diretamente associado à posição econômica das famílias (p < 0,001). Ocorreu um aumento na média dos gastos com hospitalização para o parto de R$ 60,38 (DP = 288,66) para R$ 171,15 (DP = 957,07), e nos gastos adicionais com médicos de R$ 191,60 (DP = 612,86) para R$ 1.424,80 (DP = 4.459,16) entre as mães que se internaram pelo plano privado de saúde (e não houve diferença significativa nestes gastos entre as mães que optaram pelo parto particular). Houve aumento importante no gasto com a assistência ao parto principalmente entre as mães que se internaram pelo plano privado de saúde.

Abstract: Although most childbirth care in Brazil is financed by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), there are out-of-pocket expenditures (private personal costs) involved in births. This study aims to compare maternal out-of-pocket expenditures in births of children from the Pelotas Birth Cohorts of 2004 and 2015. The study drew on information collected right after birth and at three months of age. The target variables include sociodemographic and economic data, private health plan coverage, and expenditures related to the birth. Values from 2004 were adjusted to 2015 by the general price index. There was an increase in private health plan coverage from 33.4% (95%CI: 31.9-34.9) to 45.1% (95%IC: 43.6-46.7) in the target period, directly associated with the families' socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). There was an increase in mean expenditures on hospitalization for the birth, from BRL 60.38 (SD = 288.66) to BRL 171.15 (SD = 957.07), and in additional medical expenditures, from BRL 191.60 (SD = 612.86) to BRL 1,424.80 (SD = 4,459.16) among mothers admitted to hospital under their private health plans (and there was no significant difference in these expenditures for mothers that opted for direct payment). There was an important increase in expenditures for childbirth care, especially among mothers admitted to hospital under private health plans.

Resumen: A pesar de que la mayoría de los partos en Brasil esté financiado por el Sistema Único de Salud, existen gastos directos (personales privados) implicados en el nacimiento. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar el desembolso materno para financiar los partos de los niños, pertenecientes a las cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas desde el 2004 al 2015. Se utilizó información recogida tras el nacimiento y a los tres meses de edad. Las variables analizadas incluyen información sociodemográfica, económica, cobertura con plan privado de salud y gastos relacionados con el parto. Los valores de 2004 se ajustaron por el Índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor Amplio. Se observó un aumento en la posesión de planes de salud de un 33,4% (IC95%: 31,9-34,9) a un 45,1% (IC95%: 43,6-46,7) durante el período analizado y este se mostró directamente asociado a la posición económica de las familias (p < 0,001). Se produjo un aumento en la media de los gastos con hospitalización para el parto de BRL 60,38 (DE = 288,66) a BRL 171,15 (DE = 957,07), y en los gastos adicionales con médicos, de BRL 191,60 (DE = 612,86) a BRL 1.424,80 (DE = 4.459,16) entre las madres que estaban internadas por el plan privado de salud (y no hubo diferencia significativa en estos gastos entre las madres que optaron por el parto particular). Hubo un aumento importante en el gasto con asistencia al parto, principalmente, entre madres que estuvieron internadas para el parto mediante un plan privado de salud.

Maternal health training priorities for nursing and allied professions in Haiti / Prioridades de capacitación en salud materna para la enfermería y profesiones auxiliares en Haití / Prioridades na formação de enfermeiros e profissionais da saúde auxiliares na área da saúde materna no Haiti

ABSTRACT Objectives. This study summarizes the findings of a training needs and priority assessment completed in Haiti. Its objective is to describe the characteristics of nursing and allied professions providing first level maternal health care and identify training needs and priorities to inform planning of Human Resources for Health interventions. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was completed between October 2016 and March 2017 by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Haiti office in collaboration with national health authorities. Participants reached consensus to submit one finalized version of the survey. Data were collected on composition, capacities, and training needs and priorities of traditional birth attendants, community health workers, registered nurses, professional midwives, and auxiliary nurses. Results. Haiti relies heavily on community level workers including community health workers, auxiliary nurses, and traditional birth attendants. Traditional birth attendants attend the majority of Haiti's births, despite having low education levels and not being regulated by the Ministry of Public Health and Population. All professional categories prioritize preventive capacities such as timely identification of complications, while none are trained to manage postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Management of obstetric emergencies is a training priority for Haiti but is not part of the scope of work of the nursing and allied health professions included in this study. Conclusions. Community level health workers are key in providing preventive care and referral of complicated pregnancies, but lack of access to providers qualified to treat obstetric complications remains a challenge to reducing maternal mortality.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivos. En este estudio se resumen los resultados de la evaluación de necesidades y prioridades de capacitación realizada en Haití. Su objetivo es describir las características de la enfermería y las profesiones auxiliares que prestan el primer nivel de atención de salud materna, y establecer las necesidades y las prioridades de capacitación a fin de diseñar la planificación de recursos humanos para las intervenciones de la salud. Métodos. La Representación de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud en Haití realizó una encuesta transversal entre octubre del 2016 y marzo del 2017, en colaboración con las autoridades nacionales de salud. Los participantes consensuaron presentar una versión ultimada de la encuesta. Se recopilaron datos sobre la composición, las capacidades y las necesidades y las prioridades de capacitación de las parteras tradicionales, los agentes comunitarios de salud, las enfermeras tituladas, las parteras profesionales y las enfermeras auxiliares. Resultados. Haití depende en gran medida de trabajadores comunitarios, entre los que se incluyen los agentes comunitarios de salud, las enfermeras auxiliares y las parteras tradicionales. Las parteras tradicionales atienden la mayoría de los nacimientos en Haití, a pesar de disponer de un nivel bajo de formación y no estar reguladas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población. Todas las categorías profesionales priorizan las capacidades preventivas, como la detección temprana de las complicaciones, si bien no están capacitadas para controlar la hemorragia posparto, la preeclampsia o la eclampsia. El tratamiento de las urgencias obstétricas es una prioridad de la capacitación en Haití, pero no forma parte del ámbito de trabajo de la enfermería y las profesiones auxiliares incluidas en este estudio. Conclusiones. Los trabajadores de salud a nivel comunitario son clave para la prestación de atención preventiva y derivación de los embarazos complicados, pero la falta de acceso a prestadores cualificados para tratar las complicaciones obstétricas es todavía un obstáculo para reducir la mortalidad materna.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivos. Este estudo resume os resultados de uma avaliação sobre as necessidades prioritárias na formação de profissionais da saúde no Haiti. Seu objetivo é descrever as características do trabalho de enfermeiros e profissionais da saúde auxiliares na prestação de atenção primária para a saúde materna e identificar as necessidades prioritárias de formação, a fim de fundamentar o planejamento de intervenções voltadas aos recursos humanos para a saúde. Métodos. O Escritório da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde no Haiti, em colaboração com as autoridades nacionais de saúde, realizou um inquérito transversal entre outubro de 2016 e março de 2017. Os participantes chegaram a um consenso, apresentando uma versão finalizada do inquérito. Foram coletados dados sobre a composição, as capacidades e as necessidades prioritárias de formação de parteiras tradicionais, agentes comunitários de saúde, enfermeiros, parteiras profissionais e auxiliares de enfermagem. Resultados. O Haiti é muito dependente de trabalhadores de nível comunitário, como agentes comunitários de saúde, auxiliares de enfermagem e parteiras tradicionais. As parteiras tradicionais atendem a maioria dos partos no Haiti, apesar de terem um baixo nível de escolaridade e não serem regulamentadas pelo Ministério de Saúde Pública e População. Todas as categorias profissionais priorizam as capacidades preventivas, como a rápida identificação de complicações, e nenhuma recebe formação para lidar com hemorragia pós-parto, pré-eclâmpsia ou eclâmpsia. A formação para o tratamento de emergências obstétricas é uma prioridade no Haiti, mas não faz parte do escopo de trabalho dos enfermeiros e profissionais da saúde auxiliares incluídos neste estudo. Conclusões. Os profissionais da saúde de nível comunitário são fundamentais na prestação de cuidados preventivos e no encaminhamento de gestações complicadas, mas a falta de acesso a profissionais qualificados para tratar complicações obstétricas ainda é um obstáculo nos esforços para reduzir a mortalidade materna.(AU)

Status of national policy on companion of choice at birth in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gaps and challenges / Situación de la política nacional sobre el acompañante durante el parto en América Latina y el Caribe: brechas y desafíos / Situação da política nacional sobre acompanhante de trabalho de parto e parto na América Latina e no Caribe: lacunas e desafios

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a companion of choice during labor and birth, to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes and women's satisfaction with health services. To better understand the status of companion of choice in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), an online survey was conducted with members of a midwifery virtual community of practice and with key informants, aiming to identify: 1) existing regulatory instruments related to companion of choice in the countries where the members are practicing; and, 2) key characteristics of implementation of companion of choice, where regulation exists. Responses (n = 112) were received from representatives of 20 of the 43 countries of LAC. Respondents reported existence of a national policy or legislation in seven countries, ministerial norms or institutional protocols in five countries, and no existing policy/protocol in eight countries. Respondents from the same country often provided contradictory responses. Responses differed from information provided by ministries of health in a WHO-led global policy survey in 11 instances. These variations may reflect that midwives were not always aware of the national policy/guideline in their country. We propose that a more robust effort should be undertaken to understand the status of companion of choice for labor and birth in LAC countries, at national, regional, and local level, in public and private facilities. It is important to know if policies exist, at what level of the system, and if key stakeholders, maternity-care health providers, and women are aware of their existence. Efforts should also be made to understand barriers to implementing companion of choice.(AU)

RESUMEN La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la presencia de un acompañante durante el trabajo de parto y el parto debido a que mejora los resultados maternos y perinatales y la satisfacción de las mujeres con los servicios de salud. Para comprender mejor la situación acerca de los acompañantes en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se llevó a cabo una encuesta en línea dirigida a miembros de una comunidad de práctica de partería e informantes clave con el objetivo de identificar: 1) los instrumentos regulatorios existentes relacionados con la presencia de acompañante en los países en los que ejercen las personas encuestadas y 2) las características clave relacionadas con la implementación del acompañante, en los lugares donde existe un marco regulatorio. Se recibieron 112 respuestas de 20 de los 43 países de ALC. Las personas encuestadas informaron la existencia de una política o legislación nacional en siete países, de normas ministeriales o protocolos institucionales en cinco países, y de la inexistencia de una política o un protocolo en ocho países. Las respuestas provenientes del mismo país a menudo fueron contradictorias, y en 11 casos estas difirieron de la información proporcionada por los ministerios de salud en una encuesta mundial sobre políticas dirigida por la OMS. Estas variaciones pueden reflejar que los profesionales de la partería no siempre conocían la política o el protocolo de su país. Debe emprenderse un esfuerzo más firme para comprender la situación relacionada con el acompañante durante el trabajo de parto y el parto en los países de ALC a nivel nacional, regional y local, tanto en instituciones públicas como privadas. Es importante conocer si existen políticas y en qué nivel del sistema y si los principales interesados, los prestadores de servicios de salud materna y las mujeres conocen su existencia. Se deben realizar esfuerzos para comprender los obstáculos que impiden la implementación de la presencia de un acompañante durante el parto.(AU)

RESUMO A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda a presença de um acompanhante durante o trabalho de parto e parto, já que essa medida melhora os resultados maternos e perinatais e a satisfação da mulher com os serviços de saúde. Para caracterizar a situação dos acompanhantes na América Latina e Caribe (ALC), realizou-se uma pesquisa on-line com membros de uma comunidade de prática de profissionais de obstetrícia e com informantes chaves para identificar: 1) a existência de instrumentos regulatórios relacionados com a presença de acompanhante nos países onde os respondentes atuam e 2) características chaves relacionadas com a implementação das políticas de acompanhantes nos locais onde existe regulamentação. Foram recebidas 112 respostas de 20 dos 43 países da ALC. Os respondentes relataram a existência de uma política ou legislação nacional em sete países, normas ministeriais ou protocolos institucionais em cinco países e nenhuma política ou protocolo em oito países. Respondentes de um mesmo país deram muitas vezes respostas contraditórias. Em 11 casos, as respostas diferiram das informações fornecidas pelos ministérios da saúde em uma pesquisa de políticas globais realizada pela OMS. Essas variações podem indicar que os profissionais nem sempre conheciam a política ou protocolo em vigor no seu país. Propõe-se a necessidade de iniciativas mais robustas para compreender a situação do acompanhante no trabalho de parto em países da ALC, em nível nacional, regional e local, tanto em instituições públicas como privadas. É importante saber se as políticas existem, em que nível do sistema existem e se as principais partes interessadas, os provedores de cuidados de saúde materna e as mulheres estão cientes de sua existência. São necessários esforços para compreender os obstáculos à implementação do sistema de acompanhante de parto.(AU)

Extreme Maternal Morbidity: a tracer event to improve the quality of obstetric care in Latin America / Morbilidad Materna Extrema: evento trazador para mejorar la calidad de la atención obstétrica en América Latina

Abstract This article reviews critical aspects that have had an impact on the implementation of epidemiological surveillance of extreme maternal morbidity, as a tracer event of quality maternal care at population and institutional level; taking into account that maternal mortality has been usually monitored, and its analysis allows interventions to avoid maternal death. Until 2015, very few countries had been able to meet the goals established in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially MDG 5 - improving maternal health. As of today, it is observed that maternal mortality rate is quite heterogeneous, with rates from 1 case per 100,000 live births in developed countries, to more than 100 cases per 100,000 live births in developing countries. Therefore, complementary strategies such as surveillance of the extreme maternal morbidity could offer a more effective alternative to identify and implement interventions that allow us to prevent mortality and strengthen the quality of obstetric care. In addition, the importance of extreme maternal morbidity as a quality tracer event is that, unlike what is observed with maternal mortality, this is an event that occurs more frequently, is anticipatory of death, and the surviving pregnant woman is the primary source of information.

Resumen Este artículo revisa aspectos críticos que han tenido incidencia en la implementación de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la morbilidad materna extrema, como un evento trazador de calidad del cuidado materno a nivel poblacional e institucional, ya que usualmente se ha monitoreado la mortalidad materna y su análisis permite realizar intervenciones para evitar la muerte materna. Para el año 2015, muy pocos países lograron cumplir las metas establecidas en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), especialmente el ODM 5- mejorar la salud materna. Al día de hoy se observa que la tasa de mortalidad materna es bastante heterogénea con tasas desde 1 caso por 100,000 nacidos vivos en países desarrollados, hasta más de 100 casos por cada 100,000 nacidos vivos en países en vía de desarrollo. Por lo tanto, estrategias complementarias como la vigilancia de la mortalidad materna extrema podrían ofrecer una alternativa más eficaz para identificar e implementar intervenciones que nos permitan prevenir la mortalidad y fortalecer la calidad de atención obstétrica, a partir de información más confiable y sin esperar que ocurra una muerte materna.

Case management as a high-risk prenatal care strategy / Gestión de caso como estrategia de cuidado en el prenatal de alto riesgo / Gestão de caso como estratégia de cuidado no pré-natal de alto risco

ABSTRACT Objective: to discuss the benefits of using high-risk prenatal case management. Method: a qualitative, convergent care study with six high-risk pregnant women, performed in a municipality in the south of Brazil. Data were produced by case management from April to August of 2017 through observation-participant. Analysis followed the processes of Convergent Care Research: apprehension, synthesis, theorization and transfer. Results: case management identified important elements in the care of pregnant women, which denoted a greater complexity to the cases; was shown as a relevant space for nurses to act, because it is an intervention that requires knowledge and specific skills. Final considerations: case management provides differentiated management in complex cases, facilitates the flow between health services, concretizing the comprehensiveness and equity of the care. It was found, in the convergence between research and care, that participants were benefited by case management.

RESUMEN Objetivo: discutir los beneficios de la utilización de la gestión de casos en el prenatal de alto riesgo. Método: investigación cualitativa, convergente asistencial, con seis gestantes de alto riesgo, realizada en un municipio del sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron producidos por la gestión de casos, de abril a agosto de 2017, por medio de observación participante. El análisis siguió los procesos de la Investigación Convergente Asistencial: aprehensión, síntesis, teorización y transferencia. Resultados: la gestión de casos identificó elementos importantes en el cuidado a las gestantes, los cuales denotaron mayor complejidad a los casos; se mostró como un espacio pertinente para el enfermero actuar, por tratarse de una acción intervencionista que requiere conocimiento y habilidades específicas. Consideraciones finales: la gestión de casos proporciona un manejo diferenciado en casos complejos, facilita el flujo entre los servicios de salud, concretando la integralidad y equidad del cuidado. Se constató, en la convergencia entre investigación y asistencia, que las participantes se beneficiaron de la gestión de casos.

RESUMO Objetivo: discutir os benefícios da utilização da gestão de caso no pré-natal de alto risco. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, convergente assistencial, com seis gestantes de alto risco, realizada num município do Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram produzidos pela gestão de caso, de abril a agosto de 2017, por meio de observação participante. A análise seguiu os processos da Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial: apreensão, síntese, teorização e transferência. Resultados: a gestão de caso identificou elementos importantes no cuidado às gestantes, os quais denotaram maior complexidade aos casos; se mostrou como um espaço pertinente para o enfermeiro atuar, por se tratar de uma ação interventiva que requer conhecimento e habilidades específicas. Considerações finais: a gestão de caso proporciona manejo diferenciado em casos complexos, facilita o fluxo entre os serviços de saúde, concretizando a integralidade e equidade do cuidado. Constatou-se, na convergência entre pesquisa e assistência, que as participantes foram beneficiadas pela gestão de caso.

Cesarean section classification according to the robson model, obstetrics unit, san felipe general hospital, honduras, april-june, 2017 / Clasificación de cesáreas según el modelo de robson, unidad obstétrica, hospital general san felipe, honduras, abril-junio de 2017

ABSTRACT Objective: To classify cesarean sections according to the Robson Model in the obstetrics unit of an intermediate complexity hospital. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the obstetrics unit of the San Felipe General Hospital (HGSF), Tegucigalpa, Honduras, between April and June 2017. Out of 477 clinical records of patients undergoing elective and/ or emergency surgery during the study period, 89 were selected using probabilistic random selection. A descriptive analysis of sociodemographic variables, clinical/obstetric indications, and categories of the Robson model was conducted. Authorization from the institution was obtained. Results: The proportion of cesarean sections during the study period was 59.8% (477/797; 95% CI:56.3-63.3). Of the cases studied, 48/89 (53.9%) were classified as "no risk pregnancy" (categories 1-4); the most frequent indications in this group were low fetal reserve in 22/48 (22/48*100%) and cephalopelvic disproportion in 16/48 (16/48*100%). In the "risk group" (categories 5-10), in 41/89 (46.1%), indications were cephalopelvic disproportion and breech presentation, (8/41) (8/41*100%), respectively. The main contributors to cesarean section were groups 1 (17/89; 19.1%), 2 (20/89, 22.5%) and 5 (20/89; 22.5%), for a total of 64.1%. Conclusion: The Robson model is applicable in our setting and the classification provides information that can be used as a diagnostic and surveillance tool for cesarean sections in a level II institution.

RESUMEN Objetivo: clasificar las cesáreas según el modelo de Robson en la unidad obstétrica de un hospital de nivel medio de complejidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, llevado a cabo en unidad obstétrica del HGSF, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, entre abril y junio de 2017. Se seleccionan 89 de 477 historias clínicas de pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva o de emergencia en el periodo del estudio mediante selección aleatoria probabilística. Se realiza análisis descriptivo de variables sociodemográficas, indicaciones clínicas/obstétricas y categorías del modelo de Robson. Se obtuvo autorización institucional. Resultados: la proporción de cesáreas en el periodo fue 59,8 % (477/797; IC 95 %:56,3-63,3). Se clasificaron 48/89 (53,9%) cesáreas estudiadas como embarazo "sin riesgo" (categorías 1-4); la indicación más frecuente en este grupo fue baja reserva fetal 22/48 (22/48*100 %) y desproporción céfalo-pélvica 16/48 (16/48*100 %). En el grupo "de riesgo" (categorías 5-10) en 41/89 (46,1 %) las indicaciones fueron desproporción céfalo-pélvica y presentación pélvica (8/41) (8/41*100 %) respectivamente. Los principales aportantes de cesárea fueron los grupos 1 (17/89; 19,1 %), 2 (20/89, 22,5 %) y 5 (20/89; 22,5 %) para totalizar 64,1 %. Conclusión: el modelo de Robson es aplicable en nuestro medio y la clasificación aporta información como herramienta de diagnóstico y vigilancia en la realización de cesáreas en una institución de segundo nivel.